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For the same reasons that explorers of the early twentieth century strove to reach the poles, and their modern counterparts journey to outer space, most people want to visualize the contours of the human experience - the peaks of adaptive success that led to the expansion of civilization, and the troughs in which human presence ebbed. The Backbone of History defines the emerging field of macrobioarchaeology by gathering skeletal evidence on seven basic indicators of health to assess chronic conditions that affected individuals who lived in the Western Hemisphere from 5000 BC to the late nineteenth century. Signs of biological stress in childhood and of degeneration in joints and in teeth increased in the several millennia before the arrival of Columbus as populations moved into less healthy ecological environments. Thus, pre-Colombian Native Americans were among the healthiest and the least healthy groups to live in the Western Hemisphere before the twentieth century.

European Americans --- African Americans --- Human remains (Archaeology) --- Indians --- Health and hygiene --- History --- Food --- America --- Antiquities --- Congresses --- Aborigines, American --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- Amerindians --- Amerinds --- Pre-Columbian Indians --- Precolumbian Indians --- Ethnology --- Skeletal remains (Archaeology) --- Human skeleton --- Primate remains (Archaeology) --- Europeans --- Whites --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Blacks --- Civilization --- Americas --- New World --- Western Hemisphere --- Bioarchaeology --- Indigenous peoples --- Black people --- White people --- Arts and Humanities --- #A0507HI

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Indians of North America --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Antiquities. --- Lake George Site (Miss.) --- Yazoo County (Miss.) --- Mississippi --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- First Nations (North America) --- Indians of the United States --- Indigenous peoples --- Native Americans --- North American Indians --- Culture --- Ethnology --- Antiquities --- Yazoo County

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"Investigates social interactions between Native American groups and birds along the upper Missouri River in all their tangible and intangible expressions"--Provided by publisher.

Ethnoornithology --- Indians of North America --- Birds --- Cultural ornithology --- Ethno-ornithology --- Indigenous peoples --- Ethnozoology --- Ornithology --- Aves --- Avian fauna --- Avifauna --- Wild birds --- Amniotes --- Vertebrates --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- First Nations (North America) --- Indians of the United States --- Native Americans --- North American Indians --- Culture --- Ethnology

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Indians of North America --- Mounds --- Barrows --- Tumuli --- Archaeology --- Landforms --- Tombs --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- First Nations (North America) --- Indians of the United States --- Indigenous peoples --- Native Americans --- North American Indians --- Antiquities --- Culture --- Ethnology --- Calhoun County (Ill.) --- Illinois --- Calhoun Co., Ill. --- Antiquities.

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Indians of North America --- -Woodland culture --- -Woodland period, ca. 1000 B.C.-ca. 1000 A.D. --- Mound-builders --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- First Nations (North America) --- Indians of the United States --- Indigenous peoples --- Native Americans --- North American Indians --- Antiquities --- Culture --- Ethnology --- Gratiot County (Mich.) --- -Michigan --- Antiquities. --- -Antiquities --- Woodland culture --- Woodland period, ca. 1000 B.C.-ca. 1000 A.D. --- Michigan --- Gratiot Co., Mich. --- Michigan (etat-unis) --- Age de la pierre --- Antiquites